Biomedical material in TBI

The brain’s intricate networks and complex pathology make it challenging for regulatory bodies like the FDA to approve long-term drug treatments (Aquel, 2023). While treatment options for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are often limited, biomedical materials play a significant role in recovering from TBI by aiding patients with neuroprotection, regeneration, and rehabilitation. Hydrogels, scaffolds and nanoparticles are the most commonly used biomaterials

to promote a favourable environment for cell regeneration.

Neuroprotection is a therapeutic mechanism used to sustain neuronal function by

reversing existing damage to neurons by creating biological pathways (Hasanzadeh, 2023). Hydrogels replicate the extracellular matrix (ECM), a web of molecules that support tissues and organs (Chen, 2024). By utilizing hydrogels in the ECM, neurologists can deliver the therapeutic agent directly to the site responsible for their neural repair and regeneration. Nanoparticles, tiny

engineered particles, are also used to increase the efficacy of neuroprotection by targeting drug delivery directly to the brain (Pinheiro, 2021).

Beyond biomaterials, neuroengineering innovations such as BCIs further enhance TBI recovery by restoring lost functions. (Zhang, 2024) Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are either implanted or externally placed to create a direct pathway between the brain and external device by translating a patient's thoughts into commands. BCIs allow for better TBI rehabilitation by helping patients speak, write, and control their limbs or even provide direct patient feedback.

Yet, while technologies such as BCIs can have significant, positive impacts on a patient and their recovery, some argue that there are several ethical challenges associated with their

implementation. Many question whether implementing technology directly into the brain can manipulate or change one’s identity (Korte, 2021). Others argue that BCI restoration of communication can help one further explore personality and personhood. Integrating biomedical technologies can redefine TBI recovery but their use also questions: how do we balance medical innovation with ethical responsibility?

References:

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Chen, Z., Du, C., Liu, S., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Dong, L., Zhao, W., Huang, W., & Lei, Y. (2024). Progress in biomaterials inspired by the extracellular matrix. Giant, 19, 100323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giant.2024.100323

Hasanzadeh, E., Seifalian, A., Mellati, A., Saremi, J., Asadpour, S., Enderami, S. E., Nekounam, H., & Mahmoodi, N. (2023). Injectable hydrogels in central nervous system: Unique and novel platforms for promoting extracellular matrix remodeling and tissue engineering. Materials today. Bio, 20, 100614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100614

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